Structural analysis of unemployment in Jordan: demographic and economic factors during the period (2015-2019)

Abstract

    Unemployment is one of the most complex economic and social challenges in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, with its direct repercussions on social stability and economic development. This research aims to provide a structural analysis of the reality of unemployment in Jordan during the period (2015-2019) by examining its demographic characteristics (gender, age group, educational level, geographical distribution) and linking them to relevant economic factors such as economic growth, educational outcomes, and women's participation in the labor market. The research relied on a descriptive analytical approach, drawing on official data issued by the Ministry of Labor, the Department of Statistics, and other relevant national authorities. The results showed that unemployment in Jordan is characterized by a structural nature, as it is significantly higher among youth, women, and university graduates, and is concentrated in the governorates of the capital, Irbid, and Zarqa. It also revealed that unemployment rates have not responded positively to economic growth, reflecting the weak ability of the Jordanian economy to create sufficient and quality job opportunities. The study concluded that the main reasons for high unemployment are structural imbalances in the labor market, including the poor alignment of educational outcomes with labor market needs, the concentration of job opportunities in major cities, the crowding out of expatriate workers, and social and cultural factors that affect women's participation. In addition, there are financial challenges facing the state, such as high debt and weak investment. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, most notably: developing education and vocational training policies in line with labor market requirements, encouraging the private sector to generate new job opportunities, enhancing women's participation, and regulating the labor market by regulating expatriate workers and distributing investments in a balanced manner across governorates.